Pakutanga shoko rakanga riripo, uye shoko rakanga risinganzwisisike.
Imhaka yekuti magirazi emaziso akange asati agadzirwa.Kana wanga uchiona zviri pedyo, uchiona zviri kure kana kuti uine astigmatism, wainge usina rombo rakanaka.Zvinhu zvese zvakanga zvisina kujeka.
Yakanga isiri kusvika mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 13 apo marenzi ekugadzirisa akagadzirwa uye asina kuchena, zvinhu zvekutanga zvaive.Asi vanhu vane chiono chisina kukwana vaiitei zvisati zvaitika?
Vakaita chimwe chezvinhu zviviri.Vaingozvishingisa nekusaona zvakanaka, kana kuti vakaita zvinogaroitwa nevanhu vakachenjera.
Vakavandudza.
Magirazi emaziso ekutanga kuvandudzwa aiva magirazi ezuva ekare, emhando.Prehistoric Inuits vaipfeka nyanga dzenzou dzakati sandarara pamberi pezviso zvavo kudzivirira mwaranzi yezuva.
MuRoma yekare, mambo Nero aibata simaradhi yakakwenenzverwa pamberi pemaziso ake kuti aderedze kupenya kwezuva achiona varwi vachirwa.
Muperekedzi wake, Seneca, aizvikudza kuti aiverenga “mabhuku ose omuRoma” nomundiro hombe yegirazi yakanga yakazara nemvura, iyo yaikudza zvakadhindwa.Hapana chinyorwa chekuti hove yegoridhe yakapinda munzira.
Uku ndiko kwaive kuiswa kwemalenzi ekugadzirisa, ayo akafambiswa mberi, zvishoma, muVenice makore akapoteredza 1000 CE, apo ndiro yeSeneca nemvura (uye pamwe nehove yegoridhe) zvakatsiviwa nechepasi-pasi, convex glass sphere iyo yakaiswa pamusoro pekuverenga. zvinhu, zvichiita kuti girazi rekukudza rekutanga uye zvichiita kuti Sherlock Holmes yeItaly yekare iunganidze mazano akawanda ekugadzirisa mhosva.Aya “matombo okuverenga” akabvumirawo mamongi kupfuurira kurava, kunyora, uye kuvhenekera manyoro pashure pokunge vasvitsa makore 40.
Vatongi vekuChina vemuzana ramakore rechi 12 vaipfeka rudzi rwemagirazi ezuva, aigadzirwa kubva kumakristasi anopfungaira equartz, akabatwa pamberi pezviso zvavo kuitira kuti matauriro avo asaonekwe nezvapupu zvavaibvunzurudza, zvichipa manyepo kune “asingaverengeki” fungidziro.Kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nhoroondo dzenzendo dzaMarco Polo kuChina makore 100 gare gare dzichiti akati akaona vakwegura vokuChina vakapfeka magirazi emaziso, nhoroondo idzi dzakanzi ndedzemanyepo, sezvo vaya vakaongorora mabhuku eMarco Polo havana kumbotaura nezvemagirazi emaziso.
Kunyange zvazvo zuva chairo risingawirirani, zvinowanzobvumiranwa kuti magirazi emaziso ekutanga akagadzirwa muItaly imwe nguva pakati pe1268 ne1300. Aya aitova matombo maviri ekuverengera (magirazi ekukudza) akabatana nehinge yakaenzana pazambuko. mhino.
Mifananidzo yekutanga yemumwe munhu akapfeka magirazi emhando iyi iri munhevedzano yemifananidzo yepakati pezana ramakore rechi 14 yakaitwa naTommaso da Modena, uyo airatidza mamongi aishandisa mamonocles uye akapfeka aya ekutanga mapince-nez (chiFrench chinoreva “pinch nose”) magirazi emaziso ekuverenga. uye kukopa manyoro.
Kubva kuItaly, chigadzirwa chitsva ichi chakaunzwa kune "Low" kana "Benelux" nyika (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg), Germany, Spain, France neEngland.Magirazi aya ese aive maconvex lenzi aikudza kudhindwa uye zvinhu.Makanga muri muEngland umo vagadziri vegirazi remaziso vakatanga kushambadza magirazi okurava sechikomborero nokuda kwaavo vanopfuura makore 40. Muna 1629 Kambani Inonamata yeSpectacle Makers yakaumbwa, ine sirogani iyi: “Chikomborero kuvakwegura”.
Kubudirira kunokosha kwakaitika mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi 16, apo maconcave lenzi akagadzirwa nokuda kwaPope anoona zviri pedyo.Nekudaro, ese aya ekutanga magirazi emaziso akauya nedambudziko guru - aisazogara pachiso chako.
Saka vagadziri vegirazi remaziso vekuSpain vaisunga maribhoni esirika kumalenzi uye vaisungirira maribhoni panzeve dzemunhu akaripfeka.Magirazi aya paakaunzwa kuChina nemamishinari ekuSpain neItaly, maChinese akarasa pfungwa yekumonera ribhoni munzeve.Vaisunga twumwe twumwe twumwe twumarebhoni kuti zvirambe zviri panzeve.Zvino mumwe chiremba wemaziso wekuLondon, Edward Scarlett, muna 1730 akagadzira mutangiri wemaoko emutemberi yemazuva ano, tsvimbo mbiri dzakaomarara dzainamira pamalenzi uye dzakazorora pamusoro penzeve.Makore makumi maviri nemaviri gare gare mugadziri wemagirazi emaziso James Ayscough akakwenenzvera maoko etembere, achiwedzera mahinji kuti akwanise kupeta.Akapendawo malenzi ake ese egirinhi kana bhuruu, kwete kuti aite magirazi ezuva, asi nekuti aifunga kuti matinji aya aibatsirawo kuvandudza kuona.
Iyo yakatevera huru innovation mumagirazi emaziso yakauya nekugadzirwa kwebifocal.Kunyangwe hazvo manyuko mazhinji achigaro tenda kugadzirwa kwebifocals kuna Benjamin Franklin, pakati pemakore ekuma1780s, chinyorwa chiri pawebhusaiti yeCollege of Optometrists chinobvunzurudza ichi ichi nekuongorora humbowo hwese huripo.Iyo inopedzisa inogumisa kuti zvinowanzoitika kuti bifocals yakagadzirwa muEngland muma1760s, uye kuti Franklin akavaona ipapo uye akazviraira vaviri.
Iko kupihwa kwekugadzirwa kwebifocals kuna Franklin kazhinji kunobva pakunyorerana kwake neshamwari,George Whatley.Mune imwe tsamba, Franklin anozvirondedzera amene so“anofara mukugadzirwa kwezvioni zviviri, izvo zvinobatira zvinhu zviri kure pamwe chete nezviri pedyo, zvinoita kuti maziso angu ave anokosha kwandiri sezvaaiita kare.”
Zvisinei, Franklin haambotauri kuti akavagadzira.Whatley, zvichida akafemerwa neruzivo rwake uye kukoshesa kwaFranklin semugadziri ane hunyanzvi, mumhinduro yake anoratidza kugadzirwa kwebifocals kushamwari yake.Vamwe vakasimudza uye vakamhanya neizvi kusvika pakuti zvino yave kugamuchirwa kuti Franklin akagadzira bifocals.Kana mumwe munhuwo zvake akanga ari iye muvambi chaiye, chokwadi ichi chakarasika kumazera.
Zuva rinotevera rinokosha munhoroondo yemagirazi emaziso ndi1825, apo nyanzvi yechiRungu yekuongorora nyeredzi George Airy yakagadzira maconcave cylindrical lenses akagadzirisa astigmatism yake yekuona pedyo.Trifocals yakakurumidza kutevera, muna 1827. Zvimwe zviitiko zvakaitika mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 18 kana kuti kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 19 zvakanga zviri monocle, iyo yakanga isingafi nechimiro Eustace Tilley, uyo ari kuThe New Yorker izvo Alfred E. Neuman ari kuMad Magazine, uye the lorgnette, magirazi emaziso patsvimbo inoshandura chero munhu akaapfeka kuva dhowager pakarepo.
Pince-nez magirazi, ucharangarira, akaunzwa pakati pezana ramakore rechi 14 mune iwo mavhezheni ekutanga akamira pamhino dzemamongi.Vakadzoka zvakare makore 500 gare gare, vachifarirwa nevanoda Teddy Roosevelt, ane machismo "akakasharara uye akagadzirira" akazvidza mufananidzo wemagirazi sekunyanya kuhanzvadzi.
Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi20, kunyange zvakadaro, magirazi epince-nez akatsiviwa mukukurumbira nemagirazi akapfekwa, mirirai, nyanzvi dzemufirimu, hongu.Muimbi wemufirimu akanyarara Harold Lloyd, wawakaona akarembera kubva panhurikidzwa refu akabata maoko ewachi hombe, akapfeka magirazi azere-rimu, akatenderera tortoiseshell magirazi akazova hasha dzese, muchidimbu nekuti vakadzoreredza maoko emutemberi pafuremu.
Mafused bifocals, achinatsiridza dhizaini yerudzi rweFranklin nekubatanidza daro- uye malenzi ekuona ari pedyo pamwechete, akaunzwa muna 1908. Magirazi ezuva akave akakurumbira kuma1930, muchidimbu nekuti sefa yekuparadzanisa chiedza chezuva yakagadzirwa muna 1929, ichigonesa magirazi ezuva tora ultraviolet uye infrared chiedza.Chimwe chikonzero chekuzivikanwa kwemagirazi ezuva imhaka yekuti nyanzvi dzemumafirimu dzinoyevedza dzakatorwa mifananidzo dzakaapfeka.
Kudikanwa kwekugadzirisa magirazi ezuva kune zvinodiwa nevatyairi veHondo Yenyika II kwakatungamirira kune yakakurumbiraaviator maitiro emagirazi ezuva.Kufambira mberi mumapurasitiki kwakaita kuti mafuremu akwanise kugadzirwa nemavara akasiyana-siyana, uye mhando itsva yemagirazi evakadzi, inonzi cat-eye pamusana pemapendero epamusoro pefuremu, yaichinja magirazi emaziso kuva chitarisiko chefashoni yechikadzi.
Sezvineiwo, masitayera emaziso evarume muma 1940s nema'50s aiwanzoita maframemu ewaya egoridhe anoomesesa, asi kunze, senge Buddy Holly's square style, uye James Dean's tortoiseshells.
Pamwe chete nechimiro chefashoni magirazi emaziso akanga ava kuva, kufambira mberi muruzivo rwokugadzira magirazi kwakaunza magirazi anofambira mberi (no-line multifocal glasses) kuvanhu muna 1959. Anenge ese magirazi emaziso zvino akagadzirwa nepurasitiki, ayo akareruka kupfuura magirazi uye anotsemuka zvakachena pane kutsemuka. muzvidimbu.
Plastic photochromic lenses, iyo inoshanduka kusviba muchiedza chezuva chakajeka uye kujeka zvakare kunze kwezuva, yakatanga kuwanikwa mukupera kwema1960.Panguva iyoyo vainzi "photo grey", nokuti iyi ndiyo yega ruvara yavakapinda. Photo grey lenses yaiwanikwa mugirazi chete, asi muma1990 yakatanga kuwanikwa mupurasitiki, uye muzana remakore rechi21 ikozvino inowanikwa mavara akasiyana-siyana.
Zvitaera zvemagirazi emaziso zvinouya zvichienda, uye sezvazvinowanzoitika mufashoni, chinhu chose chekare chinopedzisira chave chitsva zvakare.Muenzaniso chaiwo: Magirazi ane goridhe uye asina rimless aimbove nemukurumbira.Zvino kwete zvakanyanya.Magirazi akakura, akakura akaumbwa newaya akafarirwa muma1970s.Zvino kwete zvakanyanya.Iye zvino, magirazi eretro ayo kwemakore makumi mana apfuura akanga asingafarirwi, akadai semakona, nyanga-rim uye magirazi e-brow-line, anotonga rack optical.
Nguva yekutumira: Mar-14-2023